Accuracy of clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of fractures in children and young adults☆

Abstract 

Introduction

Injury is a major cause of death and disability in children and young adults worldwide. X-rays are routinely performed to evaluate injuries with suspected fractures. However, the World Health Organisation estimates that up to 75% of the world population has no access to any diagnostic imaging services. Use of clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound to diagnose fractures is not only feasible in traditional healthcare settings, but also in underserved or remote settings. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of fractures in children and young adults presenting to an acute care setting.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients aged <25 years that presented to emergency departments with injuries requiring X-rays or CT for suspected fracture. Paediatric emergency physicians with a 1h training session diagnosed fractures by point-of-care ultrasound. X-rays or CT were used as the reference standard to determine test performance characteristics.

Results

Point-of-care ultrasound was performed on 212 children and young adults with 348 suspected fractures. Forty-two percent of all bones imaged were non-long bones. The prevalence rate of fracture was 24%. Overall: sensitivity—73% (95% CI: 62–82%), specificity—92% (95% CI: 88–95%); long bones: sensitivity—73% (58–84%), specificity—92% (86–95%); non-long bones: sensitivity—77% (58–90%); specificity—93% (87–97%); age≥18 years: sensitivity—60% (39–78%), specificity—92% (87–96%); age<18: sensitivity—78 (65–87%), specificity—93% (87–95)%. Majority of errors in diagnosis (>85%) occurred at the ends-of-bones.

Conclusions

Clinicians with focused ultrasound training were able to diagnose fractures using point-of-care ultrasound with a high specificity rate. Specificity rates to rule-in fracture were similar for non-long bone and long bone fractures, as well as in skeletally mature young adults and children with open growth plates. Clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound accuracy was highest at the diaphyses of long bones, while most diagnostic errors were committed at the ends-of-bones or near joints. Point-of-care ultrasound may serve as a rapid alternative means to diagnose midshaft fractures in settings with limited or no access to X-ray.

Keywords: Point-of-care, Ultrasound, Sensitivity and specificity, Fracture, Paediatric, Military personnel, Injury, Trauma, Emergency